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Anna of Austria (Cigales, Valladolid, November 1, 1549 - Badajoz, October 26, 1580), was Queen of Spain and Portugal.

She was the oldest daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain. She was born in Spain, but lived in Vienna from the age of four.

She was betrothed to Don Carlos, son of Philip II and heir to the Spanish throne, but he died in 1568. As king Philip II himself lost his third wife in the same year, a marriage was arranged between Anna and Philip II, despite the fact that Philip was also Anna's uncle.

Pope Pius V first opposed the marriage on moral grounds, but finally consented and they married in Prague on May 4, 1570.

Philip II and Anna of Austria had 5 children:

• Fernando, December 4, 1571 – October 18, 1578.
• Carlos Lorenzo, August 12, 1573 - June 30, 1575.
• Diego Félix, August 15, 1575 – November 21, 1582.
• Philip, April 3, 1578 - March 31, 1621, future king Philip III.
• María, February 14, 1580 - August 5, 1583.

In 1580 Philip II obtained the throne of Portugal; Anna of Austria also became Queen of Portugal.

But in that same year Anna of Austria died , víctime of a contagious disease which had also struck king Philip.